Introduction IoT Connectivity (Part II)

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Que. Z-wave applications and its features.

  • Z-wave is a low power radio communication technology primarily used for home automation and security system.
  • It was designed as a simple and cheaper alternative to Zigbee from small to medium range connectivity.
  • It uses a mesh network topology to communicate between the devices. Supporting up to 232 nodes in a network.
  • It operates on the unlicensed part of the industrial, scientific and medical.
  • (ISM) band: 908.42 MHz in the US & 868.42 MHz in Europe, avoiding any interference with the 2.4Ghz band(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and others).
Features:
  • A Z-wave network has 2 device categories: Controller and Slave.
  • The controller is a central entity which sets up the Z-wave network and manages other slave devices in the network.
  • The Network ID is of length 4 Bytes and Node ID is of length 1 Byte.
  • The nodes can communicate only within their home network.
  • It offers a data rate of up to 100 kbps and an average communication range of 30 meters.
  • It uses source routed network mesh topology using 1 primary controller.
  • Z-wave considers only static devices in the network due to its source routed network topology.
  • The devices communicate with one another only when they are in range.
  • Messages are routed through different nodes in case of any obstruction due to interior layout and other household appliances.
  • These obstructions are called radio dead-spots and can be bypassed using a process called Healing.

Applications:
  • Primarily used in Home/Office Automation.
  • Systems for Smart Energy Management.
  • System for Smart Security and Surveillance.
  • Voice control enabled applications.
  • Appliances automation and control.



Que. ISA 100.11a application and its features.
  • ISA 100.11a is a Standard for wireless network technology developed by the International Society of Automation(ISA).
  • The primary focus of the technology is the implementation of automation in the industrial environment.
  • The protocol stack of ISA 100.11a is in compliance with IoT.
  • It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol along with other wireless networks.
Features:

  • It supports multiple devices working on different protocols to interact in a single network, simultaneously.
  • It is an open standard which enables interoperability and communication between different devices.
  • It uses the IPv6 based technology and adds the associated benefits such as increased address space and security.
  • 128 bits AES encryption security.
  • Hence, it offers essential scalability and reliability for industrial network.
  • It supports 2 network topologies for operation: 1)Star and 2)Mesh.
  • Uses TDMA/CSMA schemes for resource sharing, collision avoidance.

Applications:

  • It is primarily used for automation in large scale complex industries.
  • Wireless monitoring of the industrial network and devices.
  • Process monitoring and control automation in the industrial environment with large and complex setups.



Que. Bluetooth application and features.

  • A short range wireless communication technology.
  • Its is aimed at replacing the cables with wireless medium to communicate between portable devices.
  • It is based on Ad-hoc technology, also known as Ad-hoc Piconets.
  • Network can be established between 2 to 8 Bluetooth devices.

Features:

  • It is a low cost wireless communication technology.
  • Low power consumption.
  • Bluetooth technology uses the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHZ.
  • Supports 1Mbps and 3Mbps data rate for version 1.2 and 2.0, respectively.
  • The operating range: 1 meter for Class 3 radios, 10 meters for Class 2 radios, and 100 meters for Class 1 radios.

Applications:
  • Bluetooth is suitable for a network of devices with smaller radius.
  • Connectivity with desktop and laptop peripherals
  • Wireless connectivity between mobile phones and other portable devices.
  • Multimedia transfer between devices.
  • Automobiles use Bluetooth for connecting with multimedia and navigation devices.
  • GPS devices are connected with the end user.


Que. RFID application and features.
  • RFID stands for "Radio Frequency Identification".
  • A RFID system consist of RFID tag, RFID reader and RFID software.
  • RFID tag stores digitally encoded data, which is read by a RFID reader.
  • RFID tag data can be read outside the line-of-sight, as compared to traditional barcodes and QR codes.
Features:
  • RFID tag consists of an integrated circuit and an antenna, covered with a protective material.
  • Tags can be classified as passive or active.
  • Active tags use their own power supply for operation and data transfer.
  • Passive tags have to be powered by a reader inductively in order to transmit data.
Applications:
  • Store product tracking.
  • Asset and baggage tracking.
  • Supply chain management.
  • Livestock tracking and management.
  • Automobile tracking.
  • Authentication and access control


Que. NFC application and features.
  • Near field communication, or NFC, has been derived from radio-frequency identification (RFID).
  • NFC works within close proximity without any physical contact between the devices unlike RFID which has a longer range of communication.
  • A NFC device can be any of the two types: 1) Active and 2) Passive.
  • An Active type of device can both read and transmit data.
  • A Passive device can only transmit data but cannot read from other NFC devices.
Features:
  • NFC operates at 13.56 MHz frequency.
  • The communication range of NFC devices is less then 10 centimeters.
  • Data rate supported are 106, 212 or 424 Kbps (kilobits per second).
  • Two communication modes are supported between two devices: Active-Active or Active-Passive mode.
Applications:
  • Banking and payments using NFC enabled smartphones, transaction cards.
  • Tracking goods.
  • Data Communication between smart phones.
  • Security and authentication using NFC enabled ID cards.
  • Low-power home automation systems.

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